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Black worm casting help boosts soil through the introduction of micro-nutrients and beneficial soil organisms, increasing the uptake of nutrients by the plant and improving the health of the plants themselves. While being an organic alternative to the ill-effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
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The Marin Rose Society explains how Earth Worms are the Good Guys.
For most gardeners, earthworms are a common sight, and one to be encouraged. What do earthworms really do? Lots of good things to the soil including:
Mix and aggregate the soil – As they consume organic matter and mineral particles, earthworms excrete wastes in the form of casts, a type of soil aggregate. The burrowing action of the worms moves soil particles closer together near burrow walls, and the mucus secreted by the worms as they burrow can also help bind the soil particles together. By mixing the soil, they help achieve the proper air, water, and solids ratio for maximum plant growth.
Stimulate microbial activity – Although earthworms derive their nutrition from microorganisms, many more microorganisms are present in their feces or casts than in the organic matter that they consume.
As organic matter passes through their intestines, it is fragmented and inoculated with microorganisms. Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria (good for plants) are more numerous around the sides of earthworm burrows.
Increase infiltration – The worms maze of tunnels increases the soils ability to absorb water. Some species make permanent burrows deep into the soil. These burrows can persist long after the occupant has died, and can be a major conduit for soil drainage, particularly under heavy rainfall. At the same time, the burrows minimize surface water erosion. The horizontal burrowing of other species in the top several inches of soil increases overall porosity and drainage.
Improve water-holding capacity – By fragmenting organic matter, and increasing soil porosity and aggregation, earthworms can significantly increase the water-holding capacity of soils.
Provide channels for root quality – The channels made by deep-burrowing earthworms are lined with readily available nutrients and make it easier for roots to penetrate deep into the soil.
Bury / shred residues – Plant and crop residue are gradually buried by cast material deposited on the surface and as earthworms pull surface residue into their burrows.
Neutralize soil pH – Analysis of earthworm castings, or earthworm manure, shows that the soil that comes out of the back end of an earthworm is closer to a neutral pH (7) than what goes in the front end, regardless of whether the existing soil is above or below pH (7). This is achieved by the action of the worms calciferous gland and the buffering action of carbonic acid. Soil which has passed through the gut of an earthworm shows much more available phosphorus and potassium than the same soil which has not passed through the worm.
Reduce harmful nematode populations – As yet, the exact reasons are unclear, but soil with earthworms invariably has less harmful parasitic nematodes than soil without earthworms.
Improve overall soil quality – The activity of the earthworm gut is like a miniature composting tube that mixes, conditions, and inoculates plant residues. The earthworm removes plant litter from the soil surface, turning it into free manure. It has been demonstrated that earthworm castings contain about five times the nitrate, seven times the available phosphorous, three times the exchangeable magnesium, eleven times the potassium and 1.5 times the calcium as regular soil. Research has also shown that microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and organic matter that the worm ingests.